1. Simulation Parameters
2. Results
Velocity
0
Road angle θ
0
Weight W
0
Normal reaction
0
Rolling resistance
0
Grade resistance
0
Aerodynamic drag
0
Inertial resistance
0
Tractive force
0
Wheel power
0
Motor power
0
3. Engineering Free-Body Diagram — Vehicle on Inclined Road
4. Detailed Numerical Calculation
Step 1 — Convert speed
v = 60/3.6 =
16.67 m/s
Step 2 — Road inclination
θ = tan⁻¹(5/100) =
2.86°
Step 3 — Vehicle weight
W = mg = 1500 × 9.81
= 14715 N
Step 4 — Normal reaction
N = mg cosθ
= 14700 N
Step 5 — Rolling resistance
Frr =
Crrmg cosθ
= 0.015 × 1500 × 9.81 × cos(2.86°)
= 220.7 N
Step 6 — Grade resistance
Fg = mg sinθ
= 1500 × 9.81 × sin(2.86°)
= 735.0 N
Step 7 — Aerodynamic drag
FD =
½ρCdAv²
=
0.5 × 1.225 × 0.30 × 2.20 × 16.67²
= 112.2 N
Step 8 — Inertial resistance
Fi = ma
= 1500 × 0
= 0 N
Step 9 — Required tractive force
FT =
Frr + Fg +
FD + Fi
= 220.7
+ 735.0
+ 112.2
+ 0.0
FT =
1067.9 N
Step 10 — Wheel power
Pw = FTv
= 1067.9 × 16.67
= 17.80 kW
Step 11 — Motor power
Pm = Pw/η
= 17.80/0.90
= 19.78 kW
Required tractive force: 1067.9 N
|
Required motor power: 19.78 kW
Governing Equations
Force Interpretation
FT — Traction: driving force supplied by the wheels to move the vehicle.
W = mg — Weight: acts vertically downward through the centre of gravity.
Nf, Nr — Normal reactions: road reactions acting perpendicular to the road surface.
Frr — Rolling resistance: opposes vehicle motion at the tyre-road contacts.
Fg — Grade resistance: component of vehicle weight acting along the road.
FD — Aerodynamic drag: air resistance opposing forward motion.